Social Injustice South Africa - 1311 Words

The Social injustice and inequality in South Africa! English Final Essay Charmina Khanam 1128965 May 9th, 2013 603-102-MQ During the time of slavery in South Africa, the South African people were deprived of their homeland because the colonists colonized it. The white colonists snatched their land brutally and took their freedom of rights. In Nadine Gordimer’s, `` Country Lovers`` and Kate Chopin’s`` Desiree’s Baby``, both authors illustrate injustice and inequality within a society through the use of characterization, setting, and conflict. Both authors explore the characterization of the male characters depicted in both short stories. In â€Å"Country Lovers†, after two weeks, Paulus a white man comes home from his†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Thebedi`s husband has to be a poor farmer because of the injustice and inequality in society. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, the second story, during the time in Louisiana, the slaves have to work for Armand`s plantation such as ``picking cotton`` for harvesting the plantation. This quote illustrates how the ``negroes`` are slaves who are forced to work for Armand`s plantation because they are the property of Armand. They have no right to refuse to stop working because only Armand can control these black people. Armand is a very rich man who owns a plantation because his socioeconomic status is wealthy. In addition, he is rich because of his white skin. The white people treat them as slaves and force them to work such hard labor because of injustice and inequality within a society. Therefore, both authors have the similar socioeconomic conditions that prevail in both stories. Both authors use similar catalysts for the conflict in both stories. In â€Å"Country Lovers†, when Paulus looks at his daughter`s skin color he is very shocked and he could not control his negative emotions within him. He could not control them because he feels very guilty and shameful for commiting a grave mistake with having a child with Thebedi. `` He struggled for a moment with a grimace of tears, anger, and self-piety``( Gordimer, 47). This quote illustrates how Paulus could not cope with his negative emotions because he feels he disgracedShow MoreRelatedMahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mandela1504 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipate in social and political change without violence. It is a form of social and political change between passive acceptances and armed struggle. Non-violence way to participate in the social and political change is including nonviolent civil disobedience against, acts of civil disobedience or other powerful influence uncooperative antagonistic form; it is similar with pacifism, but it is not pacifism. Since the mid-20th century, non-violence and civil disobedience become the main form of social changeRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pages1929 in Atlanta, Georgia and is one of the most remembered Human Rights Activists in America history. He is remembered for his nonviolent fight for racial equality and justi ce to the black race and color men minority in general. His fights for these social vices will earn him reprisals and jail times from white supremacist and formal slave holders. Dr. King realized that the despite the statements in the declaration of independence â€Å"we hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal†Read MoreNelson Mandela And The Social Injustice Of Apartheid1652 Words   |  7 Pagesthe white minority oppressive regime of racially divided South Africa. My exhibit talks about all the sufferings Nelson Mandela went through to end apartheid and brought a multiracial â€Å"Government of National Unity† in South Africa. Also, the main idea of my project tells how Nelson Mandela impacted the world by addressing global problems and easing human sufferings. My research focuses on the social injustice of apartheid in South Africa and how this was brought to an end. Summary of project TheRead MoreReggae Music : A Musical Genre That Influenced Jamaican Music1268 Words   |  6 Pagescounterculture movements, especially in the United States of America, as well as Europe and Africa. In the late seventies, it had impacted western punk and rock/pop cultures, which had resulted in influencing artists such as Eric Clapton, and The Clash. In this same exact decade, it had inspired the first rappers in the United States, which had given rise to the hip hop culture. It had also influenced many singers from Africa. Reggae music grants not only relaxation, but carries a special message of love, peaceRead MoreA Symbolic Activity Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesMemorialization as a Symbolic Activity There is a growing awareness that addressing past injustices are crucial for the process of healing and reconciliation. In order to move towards a peaceful future, governments must acknowledge and respond to the wrongs and injustices of the past. While there is an agreement between people that the process of reconciliation must acknowledge the wrongs of the past and the victims, many scholars debate about how such acknowledgments are best communicated, so thatRead MoreDisgrace by J.M Coetzee1300 Words   |  5 PagesTexas. In 2002, Coetzee emigrated from South Africa to Adelaide, Australia. J. M. Coetzee is well known for being an active member of fighting for, human rights, animal rights and gender equality. J M Coetzee’s novel, Disgrace is published in 1999, which offers as explained by Paul Bailey â€Å" a subtle, multilayered story, as much concerned with politics as it is with the itch of male flesh.† Coetzee with this novel took a different academic approach of analyzing South African Politics, through using theRead MoreNelson Mandela1149 Words   |  5 Pagesliving today. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, South Africa, he was a leader of the anti-apartheid movement in the 1940s. Mandela was jailed for 27 years for acts of sabotage against the South African state, and shortly after his release from prison he led a multi-racial party for the first time ever in South Africa’s history. By doing this he was elected as the first black/democratic president of South Africa. Throughout his years as a president he has been widely regarded asRead MoreDoris Lessing Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pagesconditioned to feel the way she did about social injusti ce. As a young girl her experiences growing up white in an African dominated land that was actually ruled unfairly by the white majority, shaped her as an advocate. . The way her mother raised her, not only showed her how marriage at that time was male dominated, but it also completely turned her against the typical housewife and motherly role. She published her first novel in 1950 that deeply dived into social injustice and racism. She was criticizedRead MoreNelson Mandela723 Words   |  3 Pagesended, with blacks taking revenge for past injustices. ‘’in all of the great liberation movements there is the problem of producing great leaders to take over’’. (Says William Gumede), a South Africa scholar at oxford university in England. ‘’we have is example and now we’re going to follow it’’ (says Magubane says). Those people who are black and speak African were having trouble. It is also the language of those white minorities who ruled South Africa. Most of the blacks have considered the languageRead More Steven Biko Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesshall form no point of reference. - Steve Biko South Africa is home to a great supply of natural resources, inherent beauty, and one of the greatest political and social travesties of the modern era. The South African government has suppressed native African peoples for hundreds of years. In the last century the situation has gotten progressively worse through governmental legislation lead by the racist Afrikaner Nation Party. This injustice lasted unchallenged until the late 1950s when legislation

Qualities for Young Mothers Who Are Expecting a Baby

The primitive thought of being a unexpectedly or expectantly mother is very frightful for a young mother. The mother may not be physical, mentally or financially ready for a child, thus making it the most difficult decision in the world for a women to decide. The decision of disheartening abortion and adoption compared to newly born member of the family tree. This leaves a lingering popular worldwide cultivated question of â€Å"What If ?†If the mother chooses to conceive what are the initial thoughts? The Initial thoughts and constant unreciprocated questions are unraveled leaving the mother and unborn child stupefied. Only god can control faith of whether the baby is healthy or not,but as a parent I most importantly would like to encourage confidence,commitment , and willpower in my child. I am a strong believer in the biblical way of practice what you teach. The day I decided to give birth to a child was the day I committed to protect him or her for as long as the y need it. Be there for them through thick or thin. Teach them responsibility for their actions. Teach them how to be respectful toward others and themselves. Teach them to obey regulations and prepare them for the future. When they are discouraged , built up their confidence. In this world commitment is incredibly important . Noncommittal is linked to the discerning trait of untrustworthy. This can daunt your future opportunities because your considered unreliable. Personally, Commitment is aShow MoreRelatedBreastfeeding Up Close and Persona1007 Words   |  5 PagesIntroducing Liberty in Feeding Babies: No Stigma Attached After eighteen years of failed in vitro fertilization trials1 and ineffective fertility drugs, my aunt had built up a wall against the taunts of a society that measures individual success based on one’s ability to reproduce. When my aunt did give birth to a healthy baby boy, she was forced to battle a new wave of criticism. She had difficulty producing an adequate amount of breast milk and soon after her delivery, she came down with the fluRead MoreSample Resume : The Retail Market Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagessector Chosen Retail Sector: Mother care My chosen retail sector is Mother Care. Mother Care is a very modern updated mother and baby store which caters for all expecting mothers and mothers that have already welcomed there bundles of joy into the world. 2 – USP for a specific retail outlet from chosen retail sector Chosen Retail Outlet: Mother Care Mother Cares USP is that they have a brilliant range of baby equipment and they have some really good stuff for the mother. Things they have that areRead MoreThe Effects Of Low Birth Weight On Infants1518 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribing infants weighing less than 5 lbs 8 ounces (2500g) whereas the average weight is 8 lbs (Stanford, 2015). An infant with a low birth weight has a significantly higher chance of neonatal and perinatal mortality (Maheswari Behera, 2014). Babies who do persevere and survive are documented of having inadequate neurosensory, cognitive, behavioral development and limited school performance (Guyatt Snow, 2004). Shiono and Behrman (1995) state that infants with low birth weight consist of 7% ofRead MoreP4: Explain How Two Examples of Legislations, Policies, Standards or Codes of Practice Have Influenced Health Provision896 Words   |  4 Pagesestimated 8.9% of adults used an illegal drug. And 19.3% of young people aged between 16 and 24 also used an illega l drug. Drug misuse has a negative effect on the health, wellbeing and quality of life of too many people. It also drains public resources. Crimes related to drugs cost the UK  £13.3 billion every year. The aim of this policy is to reduce the number of people using illegal drugs and other harmful drugs and increase the number of people who successfully recover from drug abuse. Also, to restrictRead MorePostpartum Depression : A Mental Health Disorder1414 Words   |  6 Pageseven sadness. Expecting mothers may also feel a multitude of emotions after delivery as well. Postpartum depression in new mothers is a debilitating illness that can affect her everyday life, her family’s life and her newborn infants’. Most women feel the affects of postpartum depression in he first weeks of motherhood. According the American Pregnancy Association’s 2014 statistics â€Å"approximately 70 to 80 percent of women who have given birth experience what are often called the ‘baby blues’† (Piotrowski)Read MoreOedipus The King : A Master Of Tragedy889 Words   |  4 Pagesafter reading â€Å"Oedipus the King† who was this man and why did he think he could run from his destiny of fate. Was Oedipus responsible for his final fate and could he have changed his fate? We are going to talk about Oedipus and how his life unfolds from his birth. Then you, the reader will decide if you feel empathy for Oedipus and was this story about a tragic hero? Oedipus life sets in motion before he is ever born. The King Laius and his wife Jocasta are expecting a child; the Oracle told them thatRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Transgenders In The Military1349 Words   |  6 Pagesactions that transgenders should be banned from the military, based on material and nonmaterial components. The terms Heterosexism, cultural relativism, feminist and standpoint theory will be used to support my decision. It is said that when we are young we know our gender. If we do not conform to traditional male or female roles there is a strong likelihood that others will think we might be homosexuals. Although that is not always the case. Some people just prefer items that seem more interestingRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : A Social Issue1551 Words   |  7 Pagesdefined by UNICEF, as an adolescent between the ages of thirteen to nineteen becoming pregnant. (UNICEF Malaysia Communications). Teenage pregnancy is viewed as a social issue because of the way it affects a country’s economy, the mother and father’s future, the baby’s quality of life, and the parent’s extended family and community Statistics Over the past twenty years, teenage pregnancy rates have been continuously declining in the United States. According to the Center for Disease Control and PreventionRead MoreSophocles Oedipus And His Fate974 Words   |  4 Pagesafter reading â€Å"Oedipus the King† who was this man and why did he think he could run from his destiny of fate? Was Oedipus responsible for his final fate and could he have changed his fate? We are going to talk about Oedipus and how his life unfolds from his birth. Then you, the reader will decide if you feel empathy for Oedipus if this story was about a tragic hero. Oedipus’ life sets in motion before he is ever born. The King Laius and his wife Jocasta are expecting a child; the Oracle told them thatRead MoreBuck V. Bell Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeblemindedness. Her mother was also tested and considered to be feeblemindedness because her test revealed that she had the mind of an eight year old. Carrie and her mother were sent to the Colony for the Epileptic and Feebleminded (Buck v. Bell, 2006). Dr. Albert Priddy was the superintendent of the State Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-Minded at Lynchburg he supported the population through the eugenics movement and sterilization. Dr. Priddy had sterilized about 75 to 100 young women without their

The Roaring 20s Free Essays

Change is an inevitable part of life. With new ideas, opinions, and morals came a new way of life. No time period in American history felt a more drastic change than the 1920s. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roaring 20s or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Roaring Twenties embraced a new culture that focused on enjoyment, art and innovations. The style of clothing, especially for women, went completely against that of the previous generation. Many people were offended by and opposed to the new style of the ‘20s which was epitomized by the flapper. 4 Women’s clothing, which was loose fitting, complimented their efforts to make their chests appear flatter. Cloche style hats were very popular and were tight around the head before flipping out at the base of the neck. 6 Year by year, the length of skirts and dresses grew noticeable shorter until it reached halfway up the knee. 7 Short, flowing skirts made dancing to the new forms of music easier. Music and dance became an important aspect in the lives of Americans. The Harlem Renaissance embraced the new American music, Jazz. Harlem came with a culture all its own. 8 Dances such as the Waltz, Foxtrot, Tango, Charleston, and Lindy Hop were performed to jazz, blues, and rag time music. These quick, energetic dances were seen as scandalous to older generations because of the physical contact they involved. From school to church, dance was involved in every part of life. 10 Entertainment fostered a sense of happiness in Americans after World War I. Movies and sports were two of the most popular pastimes during the 1920s. Silent films could be understood by all and brought happiness and laughter to their viewers. In 1923 the first â€Å"talkie† was created which eventually replaced the silent film. 14 Sportswere enjoyed not only by those who played them but also by those who watched. Among the popular sports of football, boxing, tennis, and golf, baseball remained the fan favorite. In 1927 Babe Ruth hit his record 60 home runs. Thanks to him and others like him, such as Lou Gehrig, baseball became America’s sport. 15 Interestin activities created a sense of unity in Americans. Many fads became the obsession of many Americans. Crossword puzzles became very popular. People would work on them whenever they had a free moment, and soon, contests were being held to see who could complete the puzzles the fastest. Mah-Jongg, and ancient Chinese game, became a national obsession. It replaced the game of bridge, and clubs, even, were opened for players. Many Americans participated in stunts. Flagpole sitters literally sat on flag poles to gain money or attention. Barnstormers performed stunts in airplanes while wing-walkers performed their own tricks on the plane’s wings. 16 Thesecrazes swept across the nation during the 1920s. Many innovations came about during the Roaring Twenties. Henry Ford’s affordable automobile redefined Americans’ way of life. 17 Peoplecould travel farther and faster with a car than with a horse. Vacationing became popular which caused motels and service stations to be established along popular routes. 18 In1927 Ford introduced the Model A which quickly became the most popular car in America. The new innovations of the 1920s were accompanied by new ways of thinking. New medical and scientific discoveries were made during this time. In 1920, Frederick Banting created insulin to treat diabetes. It was the first hope patients with diabetes had of living a normal life, and it even help some of those near deathmake miraculous recoveries. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the possibilities of penicillin in fighting bacteria. It wouldn’t be until several years later, however, that it would be used to save lives. 19 Theconflict between evolution and creation caused much tension. In 1925, John Scopes taught the theory of evolution to his class and was arrested. Eventually, evolution was taught in most science classes. 20 These new ways of thinking changed life in American. The Roaring Twenties is characterized as a positive and optimistic time,however, it did have its negatives. With the manufacture of alcohol made illegal by Prohibition, many people turned to speakeasies and bootlegging to get their alcohol. 21 Prohibition was supposed to lower the crime rate, but more corruption and organized crime emerged. 22 The murder rate in 118 cities was higher that one in every 100,000 in 1927. 23 Despite this problem, the positives of the Roaring Twenties outweigh the negatives. The Roaring Twenties was characterized by a lifestyle of enjoyment, art, and innovations. The 1920s focused on optimism. After World War I, Americans sought happiness in music, dancing, movies, and sports. New inventions made life easier, and all appeared well. But every up has its down, and the Roaring Twenties was no exception. Notes Feinstein, Stephen. The 1920s. (Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc. , 2001), 26 Scott, Robert. â€Å"The Roaring Twenties: A Historical Snapshot of Life in the 1920s†. available from http://www. 1920-1930. com; Internet; accessed 15 April 2009. Feinstein, The_ 1920s, _25. Langley, Susan. Roaring ‘20s Fashion: Jazz. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2005), 95. Laubner, Fashions of the Roaring ‘20s, 47. Kallen, Stuart A. The Harlem Jazz Era. (Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books. 2004), 24. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Feinstein, The_ 1920s_, 7. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Feinstein, The_ 1920s. _ 32. Feinstein, The_ 1920s. _21. F einstein, The_ 1920s. _9. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Scott, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†. Feinstein, The_ 1920s. _11. Frederick Hoffman, â€Å"The Spectator,† The Literary Digest, (2 July 1927). Bibliography Feinstein, Stephen. The 1920s. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc. , 2001. Kallen, Stuart A. The Harlem Jazz Era. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books. 2004. Langley, Susan. Roaring ‘20s Fashion: Jazz. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2005. Laubner, Ellie. Fashions of the Roaring ‘20s. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 1996. Scott, Robert. â€Å"The Roaring Twenties: A Historical Snapshot of Life in the 1920s,† Available from http://www. 1920-1930. com. Internet; accessed 15 April 2009. How to cite The Roaring 20s, Essay examples

Billabong International Limited A Private Limited Company

Question: Discuss about the Billabong International Limited. Answer: Background: Company Overview Billabong International Limited was started by Gordon and Rena Merchant in 1973 in the Gold Coast Australia. It deals in clothing and other accessories like watches, backpacks snowboard and skateboards. It. The company name has been derived from the word Billabong which means creek running only in the rainy season. In the beginning, the company made board shorts. In 1980s the company was expanded its business and were selling board shorts in the entire Australia. With this high growth rate in the business, by the late 1980s the company did international expansion to New Zealand, Japan and South Africa. Billabong listed itself in the Australian Securities Exchange in the year 2000 and soon the company began to acquire other brands and retail outlets to expand rapidly. In 2001, the company acquired Von Zipper- an eyewear brand and Element- skateboarding apparel brand. Honolus, Xcel, Tigerlily, Sector 9, RVCA and Palmers are also few other brands which are possessed by the company. In 2001, the sales of the company was $225 million and it grew to $1.7 billion in 2011. However by the end of 2012 the company closed more than 150 stores after it underwent a restructuring process and with loss of jobs for more than 400 employees internationally. In the year 2013, Billabong accepted the takeover offer by Altamont Partners. The losses to the company in the year 2013 was $536.6 million. (Reuters) Analysis The ratio analysis is very beneficial method to examine the financial performance of the company. It assists the investors to comprehend the financial health of the company and understand if the company was able to accomplish as their expectations. It also helps in judging if the company has been able to make use of its resources and assets to earn better profits. These ratios also help the company to identify the areas where they need to improve and formulate plans in accordance with the trends of its financial performance. Some of the important financial ratios are Profitability ratios: Profitability of a company is defined as the capacity of the business to make profits. In a business, all the revenue earned by the sales of goods and services minus all the expense incurred in conducting the business will provide profit. Profitability is the most important goal of any business. It helps in determining whether the company will be able to generate returns for the investors who have invested in the company. The various Profitability ratios are Gross Profit Margin: Gross Profit Margin is defined as Gross Profit/ Sales. It measures the profit earned by the company while selling its inventory. A higher gross profit margin ratio is preferred as the company will have more revenues to pay its expenses. For the company Billabong, In 2015, Gross Profit Margin = 560822/ 1056130 = 53.10 % In 2014, Gross Profit Margin = 53643100/ 1027471= 52.21% Thus the gross profit for the company has increased. This can be due to increase of revenues by the company and reduced the cost of the goods sold by better procurement of the raw materials. Return on assets: Return on assets is defined as Net Income/ Average Assets. It helps management to understand if the investment in assets are being converted to profits. The more the return on assets the better for the company. In 2015, Return on assets = 2552/ (751866 + 803980)/ 2 = 0.33 % In 2014, Return on assets = -239933/ (751866+751866)/ 2 = -31.91 % In 2014, the company has incurred huge loss and thus the return on assets is negative. The company has been able to generate a net profit by reduction in finance cost and other expenses. Return on sales: Return on Sales is defined as Net Income/ Sales. It helps in identifying if the company is able to generate profits by selling goods and reduce the wastage of resources. In 2015, Return on sales = 2552/ 1056130 = 0.24 % In 2014, Return on sales = -239933/ 1027471 = -23.35 % The company has shown improvement in the return on sales which is a good indicator for the investors. The higher value of Return on sales indicates that the company is generating more revenue with the increase in sales. Return on Investment: Return on Investment is defined as Net Income/ Investment. It helps the investors identify the return they will get for the investment they made in the company. In 2015, Return on sales = 2552/ 1094274 = 0.23 % In 2014, Return on sales = -239933/ 1094274 = -21.93 % The return on investment is positive in the year 2015. Thus the investors will get a better return for their investments compared to the previous year. Efficiency ratios: The efficiency ratio helps in identify if the company is able to use its resources and generate profits efficiently. It is used by the company internally to identify areas where resources are being wasted. The most commonly used efficiency ratios are Assets turnover ratio: Assets turnover ratio is defined as the net sales/ Average total assets. It reflects the amount of sales generated by the company for the amount invested in the assets of the company. In 2015, Assets turnover ratio = 1056130/ (803980 + 751866)/2 = 1.35 In 2014, Assets turnover ratio Assets turnover ratio = 1027471 / (751866 + 751866)/ 2 = 1.36 The company in 2014 was able to utilize its assets more efficiently than 2015. The investment in assets did not yield the same kind of return as was expected by the investors. Fixed assets turnover ratio: Fixed assets turnover ratio is defined as the net sales/ Average fixed assets. It reflects the amount of sales generated by the company for the amount invested in the assets of the company. This is more refined ratio as it takes only assets like plant, equipment, property etc. into account. In 2015, Assets turnover ratio = 1056130/ (89504 + 94305)/2 = 11.49 In 2014, Assets turnover ratio = 1027471 / (94305 + 94305)/ 2 = 10.89 Thus the company in 2015 utilized its fixed assets more efficiently as compared to the year 2014. Taking both assets turnover ratio and fixed assets turnover ratio it is clear that the management has not been able to utilize the intangible and other assets as efficiently as it did the previous year. Inventory turnover ratio: Inventory turnover ratio is defined as the Cost of goods sold/ Average inventory. This ratio tells the number of times the company was able to sell its average inventory. The higher value of inventory turnover ratio is preferred as it indicates well running of the business by the management. A low inventory turnover ratio may be due poor maintenance, over production or other factors. In 2015, Assets turnover ratio = 1056130/ ((187125 + 180222) /2) = 5.75 In 2014, Assets turnover ratio = 1027471/ ((180222 + 180222) /2) = 5.70 The inventory turnover ratio has improved for the company thus the management is improved and the company was able to sell the average inventory better in 2015 as compared to 2014. However the improvement was small in amount. Thus the increasing inventory turnover ratio and fixed assets turnover ratio are indicators of good use of assets by the company. Liquidity ratio: The Liquidity ratio is used to determine if the company will be able to pay of its debt both long term and short term. The most commonly used liquidity ratios are Current ratio: It is defined as ability of the firm to pay off the current liabilities using current assets. It is given by Current Assets/ Current Liabilities In 2015, Current ratio = 523753/ 239045 = 2.19 In 2014, Quick ratio = 495801/ 225671 = 2.19 Thus there is no effective change in the current ratio. Quick ratio: Quick ratio is defined as how quickly the company can convert its assets and pay off the current liabilities. It is given by Quick Assets/ Current Liabilities. A higher value of Quick ratio is preferred as it reveals that the company will be easily able to pay its liabilities In 2015, quick ratio = 179838/ 239045 = 0.75 In 2014, Quick ratio = 298920/ 225671 = 1.32 The quick ratio shows that the company will not be able to cover the current liabilities with the quick assets it has. There has been a sudden decline in the quick ratio and the management should focus on improving the ratio so that it can boost the confidence of the creditors and investors. Interest Coverage Ratio: Interest Coverage Ratio is defined as amount of income that is used to cover the future interest expense. It is defined as EBIT/ Interest expense Financial Leverage Ratio: It is used to measure the overall debt of the company compared to its assets and equity. It determines the share of owners and creditors in the company. The important Financial Leverage ratios are Debt ratio: Debt ratio is defined as the total liability of the company / total assets. The higher the value of debt ratio the more risky is the investment in the company. In 2015, Debt ratio = 522396/ 803980= 0.65 In 2014, Debt ratio = 492830 / 751866 = 0.66 The debt ratio for both the years is almost same. It states that 65% of the total assets is the liabilities of the company. Debt to Equity ratio: Debt to Equity ratio is defined as the total debt of the company / total equity. The higher value of debt to equity means the creditors financing is more in the company. In 2015, Debt to equity ratio = 522396/ 281584 = 1.85 In 2014, Debt to equity ratio = 492830 / 259036 = 1.90 Thus the Debt to equity ratio has decreased in the year 2015. This is a good sign as the share of creditors in the business has decreased. Investment ratio: These ratios helps the investor to understand the financial health of the company and make decision whether or not to invest in the company. The important Financial Leverage ratios are Earnings Per share: It is the amount of profit each share of the company will receive. It helps in comparing returns by investing in various shares. It is given by (Net income- Dividends) / No. of shares. In 2015, Earnings Per share = 0.5 cents In 2014, Earnings Per share = (28.6) cents Dividend Yield ratio: Dividend Yield ratio is defined as the dividend paid by the company by No. of shares. It is used to compare the investment in various companies. The company has not declared in the year 2015 and 2014. Thus the shareholders might want to invest in other companies which is giving better return. Conclusion and Findings Thus after the analysis of various financial ratios of the company Billabong International Limited for the past two years it has been identified that the company has suffered major losses in 2014 which has affected the performance of the company. The plans executed by the company in 2015 has performed considerably well. The company has been able to utilize it fixed assets better and the inventory turnover ratio has also improved. The company however since the last two years has not paid any dividend to the investors and the earnings per share is low compared to similar competitors in the industry. These are the major concerns for the investors and the management and they need to improve these areas to build trust of the investors. Thus the report helps in understanding the significance of various financial ratios and help understand the current financial health of Billabong International Limited Recommendation The following are the few recommendations based on the analysis The quick ratio of the company has fallen to 0.75 (less than 1). The company should increase this ratio so that it can use easily convertible assets to cover all the current liabilities. The operating expense for the company can be reduced by improving the waste control in resources while operating the business. The company should divide the profits made as dividends to the investors to gain their trust. Reference Billabong International Ltd. (2015). 2014 annual report of Billabong International Ltd. Retrieved from https://www.billabongbiz.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=154279p=irol-reportsannual Profitability Ratio. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/profitability-ratios White Claire. (2015). Why are efficiency ratios important to investors. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032615/why-are-efficiency-ratios-important-investors.asp Loth Richard. (n.d). Investment Valuation Ratios. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/university/ratios/investment-valuation/ Billabong International Ltd (BBG.AX). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=BBG.AX

The Physical Education Teacher’s Role free essay sample

This essay will discuss the roles of a teacher in Physical Education, how their motivational practices and teaching styles can influence lifelong participation, how the different key stages of the National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) affect the role of a teacher in their aims aim to promote health and lifelong participation, as well how government strategies have affected teacher practice. Although there is no specific for Lifelong Participation (LLP), Vanreusel (1997) suggests the basis of participation can be described as an activity that raises pulse and is enjoyable in nature. By continuing this from early childhood all the way through to adulthood and the later years of life, it establishes the lifelong link with participation in physical activity. A Physical educationalist can help promote a healthy active lifestyle and recruit people to the notion of participating for the rest of their lives by providing quality teaching and essentially through the use of motivational theory, which shall be touched upon later in the essay. We will write a custom essay sample on The Physical Education Teacher’s Role or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many people group physical activity and physical education together. Physical activity is the movement of bodily parts that result in heart rate increase and expending of energy. There are differing types of physical activity, such as low, medium and high levels of intensity. These can be further grouped in to the type, such as individual and team based or recreational and competitive (Shimon, 2011). Hilton and Bramham (2008) propose physical activity can constitute non-sporting alternatives that still provide pleasure and fitness gains, such as walking the dog or gardening. They finish with the notion of sport and exercise being two ‘significant and meaningful forms of an overarching, generic concept’ (Hilton and Bramham, 2008: p167). In essence, it is a teacher’s role to maintain high levels of physical activity throughout a session, whilst also educating students through the physical. As cited in MacNamara et al. (2011) the UK Department of Education and Science pronounced in 1992 that promoting physical development and capability that ensured lifelong involvement via competitive and non-competitive physical activity was physical education’s purpose. Using the work of Shimon (2011) to help define Physical Education, he proposes by using physical activity as a process of learning, we mature the mind and body. Physical education plays a part in the holistic educational progression by aiding the development of children and adolescents in a physically active environment. Jenkinson and Benson (2009) summarises the subject of physical education, suggesting it is a tool to provide opportunities for learning of the physical and through the physical. It is also instrumental in developing domains such as psychomotor and cognitive. Shimon (2011) articulates that physical education is the only area of a school curriculum that focuses on lifelong skill acquisition and development. In addition to this, because the importance of quality instruction within the school setting has now intensified, the occupation should not be taken lightly. It is recognised that school based physical education programmes are pathways for children to acquire knowledge to lead healthy and active lifestyles (Wuest, 2006; Gao, Lee and Harrison, 2008). Teachers have a mandatory two hours a week of physical education that is expected to be high in quality. This can be achieved by engaging students’ personal emotions, resulting in intrinsic motivation to absorb knowledge and thrive in the learning environment. By providing a positive environment, it impacts on student’s motivation to continue involvement with sport and physical activity. NCPE The introduction of the National Curriculum for Physical Education in 1992 is seem as the biggest attempt of change to school based physical activity in England and Wales (Curtner-smith et al, 2001). Reasons for this relate to a shift in governmental thought in the direction they wanted physical education to head in. Previously, physical education was about improving athletic ability, a more military style approach. This meant that teachers predominantly required a good skills knowledge-base, with the primary role of helping students throw further, jump higher and run faster. A shift in focus meant teachers were being asked to develop students holistically, such as improving personal, social and communication skills (Mawer, 1993). The role of a teacher had altered due to the change in emphasis, and was now required to involve students in decision making processes, as this could help such cognitive abilities such as problem solving (Goldberger and Howarth, 1993). By helping the students appreciate the knowledge being passed on to them, it can have a positive effect regarding extra-curricular participation, potentially resulting in a festering love for sport and activity that will last a life time. Curtner-Smith et al (2001) argue that after a few years, the government intervened with the aims of the NCPE, which differed from views of the original task force and had now opted to head back towards a more performance based agenda. With another change in emphasis, confusion could be caused for teachers. Assuming teachers had made efforts to evolve their thinking and styles concurring with the new roles implemented by the original NCPE, this move could have triggered frustration for the teaching public. Despite these assumptions, data collected in two separate studies by Curtner-smith and colleagues (Curtner-Smith et al, 2001 and Curtner-Smith and Hasty, 1997) had shown the introduction of the NCPE had little or no effect on teaching behaviours. Direct styles of teaching remained common-place during the starting years of its implementation. This suggests that the sample of teachers had failed to adapt their roles for the benefit of their students. A central theme within the curriculum has been to encourage teachers to plan, deliver then evaluate sessions. This allows for critical reflection of performance. Teachers can assess what they are doing right, in terms of promoting the aims of the NCPE, and also where they are going wrong, i. e. are the students not engaging? Does the learning environment have the right ‘motivational climate’? Teaching styles Teaching styles in physical education found distinction thanks to the ‘Spectrum’ model proposed by Mosston (Mosston and Ashworth, 2002) many years ago. Mosstons Spectrum has been highly successful in underpinning the conceptualisation of teaching styles in many PE domains across the western hemisphere (Sicilia-Camacho and Brown, 2008). The ‘Spectrum’ was a timely notion as the need for a model on teaching styles was emphasized by Mawer (1993) after the inception of the newly formed NCPE in 1992. He suggested that a variety of approaches to teaching were required as teachers were now required to form professional relationships built on respect and coherence however primarily because of the terminology used in NCPE policy texts, which included â€Å"‘setting goals,’ ‘exploring and selecting outcomes,’ ‘refining’, ‘adapting’, ‘improvising’, ‘describing’, ‘comparing and contrasting’, ‘analysing’, ‘judging’ and ‘reviewing’† (p. ). With a broader scope of achievement for pupils, styles differing from those previously more reproductive in nature (teacher-centred) required evolution to a more productive in nature (learner-centred) (Curtner-Smith et al, 2001). Failure to implement such procedures could have resulted in the probable inability of a) teachers to facilitate the required learning wanted by the government, because of a more autocratic approach, where teachers would tell, shout and demand things from a student rather than ask questions regarding improvement or improvisation, and b) pupils to achieve the personal and social skills, as well as problem solving abilities proposed by following the NCPE (Mawer, 1993). Hall (2004) suggests that having a PE department geared towards the same goals and outcomes regarding the ‘Why? ’, ‘What? ’ and ‘How? of PE teaching will lead to a successful educational programme because of the understanding teachers garner for their roles. These practices form high standards of teaching and help provide year on year continuity in classrooms, sports halls and playing fields throughout many schools that have optimised these ideals. Methods of providing high quality, inspirational teaching in the physical environment consist of non-stop, challenging and enjoyable activities. Teachers who appreciate the important part they play in a child’s education can help form confidence and motivation in youths, which provides a platform for lifelong participation. If children are to reap the benefits of a healthy active lifestyle during our school years, in to the remainder of their adult life, Caune et al (2012) view it as an important factor that schools and teachers establish a lasting impression regarding the significance of lifelong participation to students. This is achieved by teachers educating and motivating students to engage in term-time physical education as well as extra-curricular activities, which can help prepare them for a life of physical activity (Corbin, 2002). Methods of further involvement for the recommendation of extra-curricular activities can be simply asking students if they are currently participating in any. Also, by researching local sports teams and opportunities to become involve in extra physical activity, a small bulleting could be produced and introduced to students, providing contact numbers or websites, thus allowing them to take responsibility of the situation regarding participation. These club links can provide greater positive exposure to sport, motivating young people to remain in physical activity after they have left school. Motivation When looking at lifelong participation, it is simple to see the underpinning philosophy of what is required from a person to participate in an activity for the duration of their life, motivation (Caune et al, 2012). Concerns have been raised over the past decade or so, regarding the low level of physical activity participated in by the younger public. As a result, the motivation of students has come to the forefront of investigative research, prompting many scholars to look at the setting of physical education (Caune et al, 2012). While Roberts (1992) offers a complex definition, suggesting that â€Å"motivation and achievement behaviour are manifestations of cognitions and thought processes within dynamic social contexts† (p. vii). A more user-friendly definition is provided by Shimmin (2011), that motivation are the feelings of want and desire that push us to act on something. By applying this to physical education, he then draws on many factors that can influence a student’s reason for participation; interest in a task, belief in own ability as well as striving to improve ability are but a few. Furthermore, the numerous identities possessed by young people indicate learning can be achieved in a variety of ways and means (MacDonald, 2002), thus requiring many different strategies to provide the environment to do so for each and every child. Learning and motivation go hand in hand. When motivation is provided by a teacher within the learning environment, it facilitates engagement. While it is impossible to make people motivated to learn, it is possible to affect the ‘motivational climate’ of a learning environment using motivational theories and strategies (Shimon, 2011). Physical educationalists should always remain enthusiastic, engaging and confident. A teacher lacking in confidence will be the demise of all thoroughly planned sessions, clearly because a student will have little or no faith in what he is being told by his teacher if they are not seen to be confident in their delivery. By assessing the situation and monitoring how your students are engaging with your lessons using a certain theory or strategy, you can plan sessions and alter feedback and body language to suit the needs of individuals, thus potentially increasing motivation. Theories can be considered as a toolbox, where by if you identify a problem, you can go back to the toolbox (theoretical framework) and provide a solution with the available tools. Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy is a motivational theory related to expectations, which is situation specific. When considering a task in hand, students consider confidence in their own ability before undertaking a task. Roberts (1992) speaks about adaptive and maladaptive achievement behaviours in this strand of motivational theory. When weighing one’s situation up, if they consider their ability is high enough to achieve a positive outcome, then adaptive behaviours occur. This is where individuals are fully committed, consider the task worthy of effort and will persist until completion. Maladaptive achievement behaviours occur at the opposite end of the confidence ladder. When fear of failure, due to perceived ability, is rife students usually avoid effort and perseverance. This is critiqued and applied concisely by Gao, Lee and Harrison (2008), who give key factors behind how self-efficacy is produced. They suggest the procedure is a complicated cognitive process of four key areas; past mastery experience (have I been successful with this action before? ), vicarious experience (am I as capable as the person I am seeing complete the task? ), verbal persuasion (Is the teacher breeding confidence in me? Using positive reinforcement and/or attribution theory), and somatic, emotional states (is the student feelings anxious or nervous about the situation or in the environment? ). The model combines the managements of confidence and expectations. Analysing the concluding paragraphs of Gao, Lee and Harrison (2008) I can summarise that by applying theory to practice and creating realistic yet relatively high expectancy goals for individuals can avoid creating a sense of incompetence. To differentiate for a mixed ability group, it would be sensible to have a low starting threshold, where success is guaranteed, thus giving every child positive past mastery experiences (the starting point of self-efficacy). Using a student with low ability for group demonstration can positively affect a whole class, as it breeds confidence in that individual, as well as impacting the vicarious experiences of the rest of the group. For stimulus response to be effective, praising students is not enough. It is imperative that value is added by specifically stating how they achieved success, such as â€Å"that was a good jump because your knees were bent and then you drove through your heels and fully extended your knees and hips†. By stating the positives outcomes at the start of a program which students are about to commence, it can help develop a vested interest, adding perceived value to task or outcomes. It is important to realise that motivation is borne from self-efficacy, not vice versa. Government Efforts Green (2002) infers efforts in the UK made by the government to encourage lifelong participation and promote health, the supposed main role of school based physical activity, are visible by way of policies produced from the government (see, for example, DOH, 1999; NAO, 2000). This is backed up by Flintoff’s (2003) assumptions that since the start of the 1990’s, the younger public has had an emphasis progressively placed on them regarding UK sport policy. The early 1990’s reoccurs as a turning point in the government’s emphasis towards sport in schools, with Collins and Butler (2000) proposing no real investment had been made before this time, reverberating solid policy commitments from the Labour government with both Major and Blair at the helm. Flintoff (2003) also states the reasons for this as being a rise in levels of childhood dormancy, resulting in issues such as obesity. The government further acknowledged that an interest in other activities outside of sport and physical activity are an important factor behind drop-out rates and increasing levels of inactivity (DCMS and Strategy Unit, 2002). Coupled with a shortage in international success, the government has reacted by aiming an excess of policies and initiatives geared towards young peoples and increasing their participation levels. They have also produced announcements which commonly refer to PE as vital in educating and providing prospects for young people to gain independence in activity for the rest of their lives (Harris and Penney, 2000). Houlihan (2000) argues the value of producing so many policies and initiatives, as this has led to the saturation of ‘policy space’. He suggests that public policy is now a congested field, where each member is challenging for position over implementation of future issues. Another significant implication of ‘policy space’ progressively running out, it can lead to issues of individual policies becoming inter-reliant, whereby the effects of one policy can produce implications for the functioning of other policies (Houlihan, 2000), having an adverse effect on achieving their aims, which in some cases are increasing lifelong participation. One such policy, the School Sports Co-ordinator (SSCO), was a multi-departmental design. It linked with the Government’s efforts to create combined thinking, â€Å"in this case between sport (the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, DCMS) and education (the Department of Education and Skills, DfES)† (Flintoff, 2003. p232). The purpose of the role was to create opportunities in sport, by developing links between the physical education delivered in schools and the local sports clubs belonging to the broader community. The government has made efforts to bring teachers to the forefront of developing the strategies for SSCO, which appears a sensible decision, as they are the deliverers on the front line of the initiative. If the School Sport Co-ordinator programme is to achieve the aims set out, then professionals taking the post will require adequate knowledge of young people, the different motivational practices and be able to positively change attitudes towards physical activity (Flintoff, 2003). When given greater opportunity to experience a wider range of activities during younger life, this can have a positive effect in increasing lifelong participation as I shall look at in the next section. Early learning experiences Work from Kirk (2005) debates that while early learning experiences are critical to continuing involvement in physical activity, only a select few groups of the population are exposed to quality experiences in both schools and community clubs. Those lacking exposure to such experience range from youths with a lower socioeconomic background, girls and the young disabled. In contrast to young people from a higher socioeconomic background, boys and the able bodied, the aforementioned groups miss out on quality experiences, potentially affecting introduction to a rich volume of sports and activities that could impact lifelong participation. Kirk (2005) later suggests primary schools are inadequately equipped to give children the competency, insights and inspiration to progress in to secondary schools with the ambition to be involved in sports for the rest of their lives. A lack of quality early learning experiences in primary schools leaves little chance of the specialist PE teachers in a secondary school to impact on young student’s transition of learned knowledge to adults positively. Green (2004) reiterates Kirks (2004) thoughts that the PE, School Sport and Club Links strategy (PESSCLS) strategy ultimately failed, i. e. failed to raise participation rates of youths and linking school sport to outside clubs, due to the powers that implemented the role never had a solid research base from which to create an agenda for the position. Therefore teachers in the position were never fully able to fulfil the roles that they potentially never realised they were given. Consequently, the large scale investment by the UK government only had marginal bearing. Because of this, achieving the desired outcome of impacting on the bulk of the school-age population’s, through the use of teachers in a community based role, continuity with lifelong physical activity was debatable. Fairclough, Stratton and Baldwin, 2002) It is widely believed that active participation in sports during youth is an important prerequisite for adult involvement in sports (Yang et al, 1996; Green, 2010; Vanreusel et al, 1997). A quantitative study from Scheerder et al (2006) indicated that sport experiences and social background characteristics only partially explain the sport participation behavior of adults, whereas participation during adolescence is a better predictor of adults involvement in sports than educational level or arental socioeconomic status In the sports socialization process. Twilight adolescent sports involvement, along with the school program in which an adolescent is involved, appears to be a central role in the involvement of sport during later life. It is shown age is a significant factor of participation levels in physical activity, with national statistics suggesting there is a heavy decline when reaching the age of 45 and beyond (ONS, 1999). In spite of this, a notably active minority of over 45’s remain committed to vigorous physical activity well in to later life and for the remainder of their good health. Green (2010) suggests this can be attributed to a positive childhood participation in physical activity, usually deriving from a school’s physical education programme, and the impact of the deliverers. These past tendencies are a good evaluator of how a person will participate during later life (Roberts, 1996) Socialization Vanreusel et al (1997) offer insight to the long-term socialization process within sport, suggesting it is an on-going and complex process. Yang et al (1996) cites school as early starting point for this process, acknowledging the evolution, leaning and ingestion of skills, values, norms, self-perceptions, identities and roles. This suggests that primary school teachers, who are not specially trained for delivering physical education as a subject, will be a catalyst for the levels of activity or inactivity of their students. It can be argued that involvement in sport is not just a starting point of sport socialization but can be considered a by-product of it. Longitudinal studies (Vanreusel et al. 1997, Yang et al, 1996) have shown that strong links exist regarding the amount of physical activity during childhood and early teen years directly correlate with levels of physical activity in to adulthood. They also propose that the definitive years, that impact the sport socialization process, are the late adolescent years (16-19). This data then shifts the emphasis towards the importance of secondary school PE teachers, who are directly trained to deliver the subject of physical education, and the important role they play in the lifelong participation of the students they engage with on a weekly basis for a substantial amount of time, usually 5 years. Patters of inactivity are formed in this period that follow people throughout the rest of their lives (Vanreusel et al, 1997). Seefeld, Malina and Clark (2002) propose that ersisting with the extensive socialization process that ensues when involved with sport and physical activity during childhood and adolescence can be credited towards adult participation. They also discuss that persistence should not be on a sole of few activities, but a wide range of activities. It is the richness of early learner’s sport socialization that is important. This array allows a young person to experience many different actions and environments, usually provided by the PE teacher, which permits choice. This is where it becomes the teacher’s responsibility to provide exposure to many different sports. Although the NCPE provides guidelines on what should be taught, competent teachers are in a position and should possess the ability to differentiate activities and relate obscurer sports to more mainstream ones (Bocarra et al, 2008). The transition between adolescence and adulthood is a predominantly decisive time in relation to lasting participation. Roberts and Brodie (1992) support this with claims that as we reach adolescents and progress through to adulthood, lifestyles lean towards a reduced number of favoured pastimes that have been retained, increasing pressures on teachers to be a catalyst for lifelong participation. Conclusion After discussing at length the roles a physical education teacher plays in promoting lifelong participation and active lifestyles, as well as factors affecting their potential to do so, I can conclude that PE teachers play an extremely critical part in the facilitation of lifelong participation. There have been disputes over the effectiveness of physical educationalists in the UK regarding the success of promoting lifelong participation. Kirk (2002) claims very little evidence exists suggesting lifelong participation has been promoted during the time in which a national curriculum has been provided. Further to this, Kirk (2002), cited in Green, Smith and Roberts (2005), places blame towards a lack of similarity regarding the predominantly sports orientated physical education programmes and the lifestyle activities of adults. This is contended by Green, Smith and Roberts (2005) who say it is apparent in nature that sport and physical activity is engrained in present-day youth culture, citing the use of physical education programmes and the range of activity provided by the teachers that have developed comprehensive sporting repertoires and how this as helps promote healthy lifestyles. As touched upon earlier, motivation is another important subject, as it forms the basis behind all actions and desires that consistently appear in somebodies life. I have cited the motivational theory of self-efficacy as an ideal framework in which to build upon. By positively impacting the self-efficacy of a student, via the four components I mentioned earlier (past mastery, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion and emotions), it can develop the intrinsic motivation required for prolonged engagement. Despite all the other sections of this essay I have critiqued towards the role a physical education teachers plays in promoting lifelong participation and an active lifestyle, I place motivation at the top of the totem when analysis the factors towards lifelong participation.

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First Person Indentured Servitude Essay – Creative Writing Free Online Research Papers First Person Indentured Servitude Essay Creative Writing I would agree to travel to America as an indentured servant because my life in Europe is not going well. My life is bad because my father has recently died leaving me as the last living member of my family. In my country, I often see painful reminders of him everywhere in the cold and lonely streets. I am no greater than a commoner and have no land thus no social standing what so ever. Going to America as an indentured servant would give me free passage to the country in return for my services for a period of my life in which everything would be arranged for me. I wish to leave my country because I have no family left and no job. During the cold nights I am surrounded by murderers and petty thieves as I sleep on the street and in bake alleys. If I had one pound in my pocket, I would be dead in mere seconds. The town I live in is always dirty and I often wake up to find rats eating out of garbage cans on the corner. As an indentured servant, I will be able to buy land. I hear the colonies give it to anyone at a reasonable price. This will raise my social standings since it is judged by how much land a man owns. It will also bring me respect, which is something I have never had and something I have always craved. I have heard some past indentured servants have even joined the ranks of the colonies most powerful. Lastly, in America I will be fed, lodged, and guaranteed wages by my master. I will have some say in these matters because he will need me to agree to the conditions on a contract. In addition, I will be guaranteed fair treatment from my master by the colony court system. It will be easier to go as an indentured servant than to try to raise the money my self with no job and no safe place to keep any money. Thereafter my arrival to America I will be able to acquire everything and anything I want in time. It will only take me a small period of my life working fairly for conditions that I have some say in. Also I will get free meals and lodging with wages. In these new frontiers, I will be able to get land at cheap prices gaining me respect and some value in society. Therefore, I will go to America to start a new, better and happier life. I will go in the pursuit of my own happiness. Research Papers on First Person Indentured Servitude Essay - Creative Writing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaThe Spring and Autumn

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Population and immigration in relation to hospitality market in the UK - Essay Example People1st, the Sector Skills Council (SSC) for the hospitality, leisure, travel, and tourism sector, UK, envisages an additional 15,000 new jobs between 2002 and 2012, in addition to the 846,000 replacement jobs lost through labor turnover. AGCAS also believes industry will require 30,000-35,000 trained people at management and supervisory level year on year until 2010. Meeting labor requirement is a perennial problem in the industry. This essay will examine why this sector is not popular with the British local people and why there are so many immigrants in this industry. The rationale for the labor requirement can partly be attributed to the Olympic Games being held in London in 2012 (People 1st). According to Lockwood and Guernier (1990), Travel and Tourism analysts, hospitality sector in the developed countries are experiencing labor shortages and can expect to face greater shortages in the future (cited by Choi et al, 2000). The world has shrunk due to advanced technologies and hence finding labor round the globe is easier than it used to be. Due to globalization and free market economy, the recruitment strategy too has to undergo change. Migration of labor worldwide in the hospitality industry is very common. According to People 1st, 11 percent employers find it difficult to fill up the vacancies, as there are not enough people interested in the jobs. Not many skilled people can be found in this industry, and this is a customer-driven industry. Customer satisfaction in this industry is vital. This sector traditionally recruits a young workforce yet the biggest challenge that this sector faces is that of skills shortages. Skills in this industry range from the unskilled porter to the highly skilled managers. The majority comprises the unskilled staff including the food and bar service staff, semi-skilled including the commercial and clerical staff and the kitchen staff (Choi et al). While

Ethical Dilemma Summary and Analysis

Ethical Dilemma Summary and Analysis Hardeep Kaur   Ã‚   An ethical dilemma is a situation in which often includes a clear mental clash between two things or decisions. In ethical dilemma if we obey one decision than it would bring about disobeying another. Ethical dilemma is also known as moral dilemma. Ethical dilemmas make the situations too difficult. A person has to choose only one way from two of them- a moral or an immoral way. Ethical dilemmas can be seen everywhere in our daily lives. However everybody has their own particular experience towards ethical dilemma. In reality, good values participate in everybodys life. We need to oversee and take a look after our moral values and in addition towards our desires also. There are three conditions that must be available for a circumstance to be viewed as a moral problem. The primary condition happens in circumstances when an individual, called the operator, must settle on a choice about which strategy is ideal. Circumstances that are awkward however that dont require a decision, are not ethical dilemmas. The second condition for moral situation is that there must be distinctive strategies to look over. Third, in a moral situation, regardless of what game-plan is taken, some moral guideline is traded off. As it were, there is no immaculate arrangement. In any case, the ethics of care focuses on the moral hugeness of tending to the necessities of the general population for whom we accept risk; it is in a general sense about associations. Beyond this, the ethics of care is shown as a record of significant quality that adversaries traditional approaches and hypothetical frameworks about consideration on rights, commitments, value, independence and sensible reason. By following good values, individuals make issues and disarray in their life. Everybody has distinctive purpose for the moral issue. For example, social issues, financial issues and emotional issues. In this document, I am going to talk about an ethical dilemma that I faced personally. Education is described as a moral enterprise and many of the professional dilemmas teachers encounter have an ethical aspect. (Ulvik, 2016) I am going to explain an ethical dilemma in my one year of teaching experience. After my IELTS exam, I started teaching in a school as an English teacher. I was a fresher teacher, so I did not knew much about the schools of my area. After few weeks of my job in school, I noticed that the management of the school was really bad. They did not appoint required staff. There were only few teachers in the staff. In Indian schools, students pay fees monthly, they increased the tuition fees after two-three months and did not gave any proper education to students. Parents expected a lot from the school. They expect a bright future of their children, but the future of students was dark in that school. The student- teacher relationship was not good. Teachers did not care about the students. Positive student-teacher relationships are related to students academic achievement and behavioral and emotional adjustment (Sointu, 2016)   I saw that some teachers ask children to do their personal tasks, such as bringing something from the market for them and some male teacher s also asked children to bring food for them from home. I know that schooling system in India is not so good and but it was worse. I tried my best to teach students everything very perfectly. I cannot help those students to get rid of this management because if I will raise my voice or take any action, I can lose my job and it was against my profession, I cannot go against that organization in which I work and if I will not take any action then I will let the future of those children going into dark. So, at that time I had two options, and I chose to keep quiet. But I think that I did wrong. I became selfish at that time. I should think for those children at that time instead of thinking about me. But I was helpless at that time. Ethical dilemmas affect our societal, professional and personal values. I think that the decision I made at that time was good but now I think that it was not good. Many values were affected. Taking the social values in account, teachers are the second person after parents on which a child believes the most. In India, it is said that teachers are the second parent of the children. Teachers are the member of society from which society expects a lot. They are professionally respected and are provided with high level of education. They teach them like the parents, they also protect them if they are in any problem. A student can share his problem with teacher if he hesitates from parents. It is said that teachers cannot cause harm to their students. I violated all these societal values. I became selfish and did not protect my students from that school management. I feel ashamed and guilty now. Beside this, my profession was teaching, a teacher is second parent of students. Education is d escribed as a moral enterprise and many of the professional dilemmas teachers encounter have an ethical aspect. Parents and students trust a lot on the teachers. But because I was in fear of losing my job and I cannot go against the organization in which I work, I violated some of my professional values also. I was unable to maintain that trustworthy band between parents, teachers and students. Even none of them know this at that time, but whenever they will know they will blame every teacher. Apart from this, I personally feel guilty. My personal values were spoiled. The values such as service of humanity, trust which my parents, my teachers taught me were violated. I violated the rules of my religion that we should help everyone regardless of our own selfishness. I cannot forgive myself thinking that I how did not I care for those kids. There are various ethical standards that are being challenged in this situation. Numerous professions all through the ages have set themselves moral rules that express the states of mind and awareness of others expectations that individuals are required to appear towards their work, articulating the basic qualities and rule that they ought to have regarding their calling. The teaching profession depends on the idea of instructors as specialists who have been appointed particular errands by society, which has likewise set them up for such undertakings by furnishing them with the vital state of training. The profession then requests that the delegates chose to play out these undertakings ought to exhibit high moral measures in all circumstances. An exclusive expectation of professional ethics is a standout amongst the most vital assets accessible to educators, controlling their work and their intelligent relations at the expert level. The work of educating ought to incorporate thought and assessment of the morals of ones own objectives and intentions. ln this sense the reason for the present record of an educators expert morals is to classify and advance the feeling of what is morally right that has dependably been a piece of practice a professional level of expert ability. I think that I have violated all these ethical standards of teaching profession. Now I am going to explain the theories and model that I will use to solve this dilemma which I think that I should use at that time. Utilitarianism is the theory that says that an act is right (moral) if it is useful in bringing about a desirable or good end (Thiroux, 2017). There are two types of utilitarianism: Act utilitarianism and Rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism says that everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest amount of good over bad for everyone affected by the act (Thiroux, 2017) whereas rule utilitarianism says that everyone should always establish and follow that rule or those rules that will bring about the greatest good for all concerned (Thiroux, 2017). In my situation, I should apply utilitarianism theory. To give a better future to students, I should act against the school to bring a desirable and good end. Acting according to act utilitarianism, I should had act against the school to improve the condition of school that will bring the greatest amount of good over bad for students and everyone (like parents and society) affected by that act. Personally, at that time, the decision that I made was good. But I regret afterwards. As rule utilitarianism says there should be some strict rules that should be followed to improve school standards. The ethical decision making model that I will use to solve my ethical dilemma is The Ethical Problem-Solving Model. The first step of this model is identifying the problem or dilemma. The dilemma was that the students were not given proper education in the school in which I used to teach. I was professionally appointed in school as a teacher and I see that students are not given their rights. I was unable to help them because I was in fear of losing my job. Also I cannot go against the organization I work. So this was the dilemma. Second step of this model is to identify potential issues involved in the problem in terms of rights responsibilities and welfare of all involved. The rights and responsibilities of teachers are to help students in every situation, regardless of their own selfishness. So I should help students to gain better education and raise voice against students. Students should be given proper and quality education as if they will be given proper education then the future of country will be secured. It is my responsibility towards the nation and society. I should create awareness among students. It should help them and the society also. The third step of this model is to review relevant code of ethics if they apply. According to me, on behalf of a social worker, a social worker shall respect the intrinsic worth of the persons served in professional relationships with them. So if I apply this to my situation, I should respect the peoples i.e. students, parents, society and nation as well and act on behalf of serving them as best as I can. The fourth step of the model is to review applicable law s and regulations regarding the dilemma. There was right to education act in India that every Indian has right to get education, so according to that they should be given proper education. The RTE Act says that there is the right and access to quality education to all children in India (Kothari, 2016). Although, there are not proper accurate laws relating exactly to the dilemma. But the students as a citizen of democratic nation, have the right to know that they are being discriminated. They are not given proper education. They have freedom to fight for their rights. They have freedom to speak against the school. On basis of humanity, every individual have the right to expose off a bad management or a bad activity harming the society. No organization have the right to spoil the future of the students. They management should be punished and closed. They are spoiling the future of the country not only the students. So, they government should act upon them. The fifth step of the proble m solving model is consulting to get other perspectives about the problem. When I observed the problem in the school, I discussed it with a few of my close teachers and asked about their views on the problem. Most of those said that just dont interfere in anything. Just let go on how it is going previously. The students which were studying from nine ten years in the same school were used to of the situation. They dont think that the system should be changed. A minority group agreed with my decision, but we alone cannot raise voice against such a big organization. The sixth step of the model is to consider courses of action. In this step, as a teacher the courses of action that I can take are, the first thing is that I should aware the students about the bad management and convince them to fight for their rights. I should help and support students in every situation of their fight for rights. Or the other side of this is that I should not speak anything and just watch the future of s tudents spoiled by the management which I did at that time. Despite this, the other course of action is that I should aware the society to protest and start a reform against the schooling managements that they are spoiling the future of the students. I could also go to the head of the organization and warn him or her to improve the situation of the school and the quality of education. The seventh step of the model is that enumerate consequences of various courses of actions. So in this step, is I consider the first course of action, the students will be aware of the problem and they can fight for themselves. If in their future life, they face the same problem they can fight for themselves and against the injustice. It will give students a power and strength to be independent for their rights and justice. The second course of action will protect my job as it already did because I applied it but it is not good to be selfish in any profession. The next course of action was that I shoul d create a feeling of protest in society. It will create awareness in public against bad management. But it will also create imbalance in society. The other course of action was to approach to head of organization and warn them. This will protect the organization from being disrepute. The problem will be solved politely and without any disputes. The last step of the model is decide on best course of action. According to me, awareness in students and helping them to fight for their rights is the best solution. The students will learn to fight for them. They will not accept injustice in their future life if they will be taught to fight against it in the school life. If students will be aware, then these kind of schooling management will fear and will not even think of doing discrimination with students by not giving them proper education. They will fear that the students can take an action against the management. So this action is best one. The other plans can be applied but I dont th ink so that they will be that much effective. In the textbook, chapter 3 values and professional ethics, it lists the core values of social service worker profession that were very helpful in developing the resolution for dilemma. The core values include respect for inherent dignity and worth of persons; pursuit of social justice; service to humanity; integrity of professional practice; and competence in professional practice (Miller, 2007). These are the values listed for social worker profession. But I think that every profession should follow these values. According to me, in this ethical dilemma situation, the teacher should act in accordance to respect the dignity and value of students and expectations of society. A teacher should act in regard to provide justice to students and he/ she should work for providing good service to humanity. A teacher should not tolerate this for his own child so he should not tolerate this for other students of the society. The code of ethics that implies to the situation is that a social worker shall not behave in a manner that discredits the profession of social work or diminishes the publics trust in the profession. So as a teacher, I should help the students and not be selfish. I should not act in a way that publics trust should be diminished. I should act against the school because that would be best for the society, regardless of thinking about the school. And another code of ethics is that a social worker should promote excellence in the profession. So in the situation, the teacher should help the students and create a good example in the profession. It should be a lesson for other teachers also. To conclude, I can say that the decision that I should aware students is the best and if I would had made this decision at that time it could save their future. But I was not this much aware of it at that time.   Students are aware of teachers actually caring about them; they are able to immediately sense hypocrisy and are aware of the differences between snobbish and authentic behavior. The moral impact on students is important with regard to what they can see and hear around them. (Gluchman, 2016) So if I will help students then it will make a good bond between teacher and students and they would respect the teachers. The students of that school thought that the teachers are cruel. But if I will create love and affection in their hearts and a feeling of getting rid of bad management then they will respect the teacher. At that time, I had a little idea to help students, but I never thought to prepare students to protest for their rights. At that time, I was a bit worried abou t students, and a lot about my job. But now I think that we should not be selfish. Student power can do anything. So, if this decision would be made at that time it would be much better. References Gluchman, V. . (2016). Ethical relationships in the teaching profession in Slovakia. Journal Of Educational Sciences Psychology, 01-20. Kothari, J. a. (2016). A battle of rights: the right to education of children versus rights of minority schools. Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal , 195-218. Miller, P. (2007). Ethical Decision Making. Nelson Education. Sointu, E. T. (2016). Longitudinal associations of student-teacher relationships and behavioural and emotional strengths on academic achievement. Educational Psychology, 457-467. Thiroux, J. a. (2017). Ethics: Theory and Practice. Pearson Education. Ulvik, M. S. (2016). Ethical aspects of professional dilemmas in the first year of teaching. Professional Development In Education, 236-252.

Thurgood Marshalls Fight for Equality Essay -- essays research papers

It was Thurgood Marshall who helped end legal segregation in the United States. He won Supreme Court victories creating transportation for children, which proved that separate but equal, is not equal. Marshall was able to prove to the Supreme Court that separate but equal was not equal by using his legal expertise. Marshall was able to have a more direct influence on society and the way the government was treating blacks at the time. Thurgood Marshall also had the help of lawyer Kenneth Clark to solve the case of segregation. Kenneth Clark conducted an experiment with the colored children at the school. To conduct the experiment, Clark had several baby dolls, some were white, and some were colored. Clark asked the children of the colored school a number of questions such as, ?Which one of the dolls is your favorite or, ?Which one of the dolls is ugly Of all the subjects questioned, 65% of the black children said that the white doll was the nice doll. The majority of the colored children rejected the black doll. This was obviously due to self-esteem issues. A little colored boy was forced to walk several miles home, the school had no money in their budget to pay for a bus for the black school. But, the white school had over 40 buses, which clearly proves that they were being discriminated against. Marshall started a petition and fought for equal rights. The principal of the school for the colored children had his job taken away from him and his house was burned down all because of segregation. The KKK started to threaten colored people. The KKK were doing everything in their power to make the black people feel inferior and to punish them for going against the whites. This event helped the case go to Supreme Court. It was pr... ...rked a turning point in the history. The Supreme Court ruled against the Board of Education and Kenneth Clark. Marshall forced rights to be extended equally from colored school children to full-grown colored individuals. In conclusion the roles of the NAACP and individuals such as Thurgood Marshall, Chief Justice Earl Warren, and Mr. Kelly made history and proved that separate but equal, is not equal. Marshall?s use of the courts led to rulings that judged the discrimination of colored children given equal rights to use a school bus. Clark?s experiment was powerful. It showed that segregation psychologically harmed the colored children. The NAACP worked very diligently on the case. But it was Marshall that was able to have poignant control on the public and the way the government was treating blacks at the time. Thurgood Marshall was truly an American revolutionary.

Every business should be online Essay

The first of the three I am going to discuss is Tesco. Tesco have become a very large household name over the past 50yrs. When the Internet was introduced to the world Tesco was one of the first supermarkets to put a website up. They put images of products on the website and showed everyone their product range. In doing this, their sales went up and they were, yet again, becoming an even larger company worldwide. Seeing that they were able to expand on the web, Tesco made it possible to apply for a membership card online, which proved to be a great success for them. Tesco saw this as a way to ‘get to know’ their market and made sure that they provided the products people wanted. Also it gave Tesco the image of good ‘Customer Relationships’, which was, and still is, a big thing for any major company. As the years went by they brought the idea of online shopping to life. It means that people were able to purchase goods without having to leave the house. You could choose all products they desired and have them delivered to your house. The only catch to the purchases is that you have to pay for the products online with a credit card, which some people are reluctant to do in case someone else gets hold of the details. Since Tesco had grown so much they also started to advertise jobs on the website for different area’s of the world. They have a link on the site, which takes you to whichever country you are in the world. Say for example I chose the English site. It would give me a list of counties then a list of all the Tesco supermarkets in that county. After going through this process it gives a list of job possibilities. This is the home page of the Tesco website. All their products are broken down into categories and then into sub categories that helps you find the shopping you need. If unable to find a specific product or service the website has a search button which enables you to locate what you are looking for. I believe that Tesco made the right decision when putting this site onto the Internet and that they have successfully become the leading supermarket in their Market. Barclays Among others Barclays bank has been one of the longest running banks we know. Even before designing a website they were very popular and have always been that, and in making their website this image has been upheld. Creating a website meant many possibilities for Barclays. It meant that people could look at all the sources of finance available to them if they were starting up a business, loans if they are in need of one, mortgage rates, etc. I managed to find a press release from Barclays website that I think represents how much they are looking out for their customers demands on the net by giving them information about upcoming events that they are holding. The press release is shown below. Barclays has developed a brand-new seminar to help small business owners and managers to boost their sales and marketing power. From April 19 until June 29 the bank will be running a programme of 22 seminars across the country – â€Å"Bright Marketing for Smarter Business†. Barclays research shows that entrepreneurs want to increase the time they currently spend on business development and marketing activity by at least 50% to 12 hours per week. Developing new business ideas and finding new customers are essential for any business and attendees of the seminar will receive a wealth of information, tips and advice on everything from differentiating themselves from competitors through to better understanding customers and how best to attract them. Alison Hopkins, Managing Director of Small Business at Barclays said: â€Å"Good marketing can be the key to success. It is vital to be able to identify and meet the real needs of customers, whilst at the same time remaining profitable. The Bright Marketing seminars provide valuable advice to help small businesses continue to succeed and grow†. The seminars have been developed by Barclays and is being delivered by leading business and marketing guru, Robert Craven. Robert is author of ‘Kick-start Your Business’ and ‘Customer is King’. He is also managing director of The Directors’ Centre, has run his own restaurant, sound recording studio and training company and was formerly head of small business programmes at Warwick Business School. The seminar is free of charge and is open to all small businesses whether they are Barclays customers or not. Businesses who wish to attend Barclays â€Å"Bright Marketing for Smarter Business† can book online by visiting www. business. barclays. co. uk/bb/seminars or call 0800 028 4002. By allowing the public view press releases on the Barclays website it gives customers an idea of what Barclays are doing with their time and how they try to help everyone they can. Not only has Barclays accumulated a lot of information for their website, they have shown their customers, and potential customers, what is available to them when they bank with Barclays. Below is an image of the home page of the website. On the front page of their website Barclays have included a long list of options, into which you can search through their site to find what you are looking for. So in this instance of Barclays I believe that they have been very triumphant in producing this website for the public. Warner Bro’s Being one of the largest production companies of films and T. V shows, it is obvious that Warner Bro’s would have a website.

Economics Market structures Essays

Economics Market structures Essays Economics Market structures Essay Economics Market structures Essay The answer o Mr. Mark Fish is prolongations are able to charge what they please because they are in a monopoly. Which exits as their market as there is no competition. Will illustrate market forces and how organizations respond by using graphical charts. The report will also illustrate how the business can achieve growth by raising internal capital or mergers and takeovers, I will also discuss how they achieve a competitive advantage by either selling the product/service for very cheap or create a differentiated product which is better than their rivals. The report concludes by discussing the relevance of he factors discussed. 2. 0 Introduction In this report we shall look at how market structures, market forces and business and cultural environment affect a business. This report has been created to provide understanding and knowledge of, how businesses perform and react in each market structure, how market forces and organizational responses are related and how a business and the cultural environments surrounding it, shape the behavior Of an organization. This report will begin by looking at market structures 3. 0 Market Structures 3. 1 Introduction Recently here at Midas we encountered a comment from a linen who was concerned with, how business within certain market types are allowed and I quote get away with extortionate pricing policies without having to appear to innovate or offer exceptional customer service or even quality of offer I just dont get it! Why do customers continue to support them? Fairly sure our business (Event management services to corporate business) wouldnt get away with it!! Mark Fish, Director ME Holdings Group Pl. This section of the report aims to answer this question, as well as, giving the reader a clearer understanding of market structures. It is traditional to vivid industries into categories according to the degree of competition that exists between the firms within the industry (Slogan, 2006). Figure 1. Shows the four categories in to which industries are divided So what is perfect competition? Perfect competition is made up of four occupations, they are as follows: Organizations are price takers -? This means that because there are so many firms in the industry that each one produces an insignificantly small portion of total industry and therefore has no power to effect the price Of products. The price Of products are dictated by the emend for that certain product. Freedom of entry (No Barriers of entry) Existing organizations within the industry are unable to stop new organizations setting up in business Organizations produce identical products All products are homogeneous or identical which would mean no branding or advertising Producers and consumers have perfect knowledge of the market. Producers are fully aware of prices, cost and market opportunities. Consumers are fully aware of the price, quality and availability of the product At this point, you should take note that few, if any industries in the area world et these conditions. The closest markets to perfect competition would be found in agriculture and the primary sector, fresh vegetables such as carrots and potatoes are a good example as each products are almost identical and prices are set in relation to the demand 3. 3 Monopoly Unlike perfect competition which I have just described, where there are many organizations involved in an industry, at completely the other end we have a monopoly where only one organization exists in an industry. Although, whether an industry can be classified a monopoly is not always clear. For example, a pharmaceutical company may have a monopoly of a certain drug, but there may be alternative drugs for treating a particular illness. Considering a monopoly exists only when one organization controls an industry there must be barriers to entry unlike perfect completion where there are none and new organizations can enter freely. In a monopoly barriers to entry must be high to block entry of new organizations. Barriers to entry are anything that prevents or impedes the entry of new firms into an industry and thereby limits the amount Of competition faced by existing firms Slogan, 2006). There are various ways in which barriers can be created: Lower costs for an established firm An established monopoly is likely to have have developed specialized production and marketing skills. It is more likely to be aware of the efficient techniques and the most reliable/cheapest suppliers and it can also have access to cheaper to cheaper finance. Legal protection The firms monopoly position may be protected by patents on essential processes by copyright by various forms of licensing. Some examples of organizations which are protected by legal protection are Microsoft Words operating system and Monsanto Which modified genetically modified plant varieties and pesticides Muggers and Takeovers The monopolist can put in a take over bid of any new entrant. The shear threat of takeover may discourage any new entrants Aggressive tactics An established monopolist can probably sustain losses for longer than a new entrant. Therefore it can start a price war, mount massive advertising campaigns and introduce new brands to compete with the new entrant Domination The monopolist may resort to various forms of harassment legal and illegal to drive a new entrant out of business It also should be noted that, unlike perfect competition where organizations are price takers in a monopoly organizations are price makers. They can charge what ever they feel adequate to their product/service due to the lack of competition. Referring back to Mr. Fishers comment this would seem the answer to his quirky. If the organization he is consuming with are a monopolist, it would explain the reason that they get away with extreme pricing policies with little or no innovation to customer service because there is no competition, they have zero competitors. Thus allowing them to charge as they wish. . 4 Oligopoly A oligopoly exists when there are just a few organizations between them share the majority of the market. Within a oligopoly, organizations behave differently. Organizations may produce virtually identical products such as, metals, sugar or petrol, however most oligopolies produce differentiated products such as, cars, washing up powder or soft drinks. Just like a monopoly structure, in oligopoly there are barriers to entry, the same tactics can be used to prevent new entrants into an industry. In contrast, unlike a monopoly, organizations have to consider one another because there are so ewe, they are interdependent. Each competitor is affected by anothers actions. This can lead two things competition our collusion: Collusion The interdependence of firms may make them collude (join) with one another. This in turn would almost make it like a monopoly, they jointly maximize and share market profits. Competition Despite the above, they may also be tempted to compete with one another to gain a bigger share of industry profits for themselves. Organizations you will find in an oligopoly include Warner Pros music group, Kellogg, Mills and Pearson Publishers, all of which have around four to five competitors. . 5 Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition or imperfect competition lies between perfect cooperation and monopoly. Organizations in this market sell products that are differentiated in some way from rival competitors. The differentiation may be slight, for example, on packaging or branding. In contrast the differentiation may be considerable. In monopolistic competition: The goods and services are NOT homogeneous There will be some form of barriers to entry Consumer and producers will NOT have perfect knowledge of the market Organizations are able are able to point out areas of differentiation between vials In a monopolistic competition organizations are able to charge prices which are higher than the marginal cost of producing a product. Resources are therefore not used in the most efficient way. 4. 0 Market Forces Organizational Responses Now that you understand the different market structures within an economy and how they work. I would now like to illustrate how market forces and organizational responses are related. I will illustrate this by first, discussing what market forces means and secondly using graphical illustrations to help give you a better understanding. Market forces is the term that relates to the interaction of demand and supply. As you know demand is quantity of a good or service that consumers will buy at a given price and supply is the quantity that manufacturers will provide for a price. A balance when then be created called an equilibrium when the quantity that producers will provide for a price meets the quantity that producers are willing to sell at the same price. Figure 2. 0 illustrates when the equilibrium is achieved As you also know the UK is a market economy where consumers are free to spend their money on what they want. This, in a sense, gives the consumer a good amount of power to effect if a business grows or declines. So given the fact that customers decide what they want and what they dont, this creates what is known as elasticity in demand. Prices change regularly increasing and decreasing. Some prices rising will have little effect on quantities bought, although, when prices do change this could affect how consumers and suppliers react. A rise in price can see consumers buying less of that said product and in turn demand drops for that product. In contrast if price falls, demand shall rise. Figure 2. Elasticity of demand Figure 2. 1 shows you the change in demand when price rise and fall. Price of a product is measured on the vertical axis and the quantity of products produced is on the horizontal axis. As you can see PA and Q is where price is lower and thus demand for the products is greater but notice that when the price rises the demand for the product reduces (Pl IQ It is then crucial that you price your product/service correctly because if not this may deter customers in to shopping elsewhere. Another market force which could also affect your business is consumer wages/income decreasing. If the national income falls, it means that consumers have less money to spend on goods and services. This occurs when the demand for a product rises, producers have to employ more staff to keep up with the rising demand and thus wages rise. In contrast if demand for products decrease wages shall fall Figure 2. 2 Decrease in national wages shown by GAP Figure 2. 2 illustrates GAP which as you know is the average national wage in the UK as you can see at times of recession wages fall very low, whilst in periods of boom wages rise because consumers are spending more and here is a greater demand for products. It is critical that in each stage of the economy you are prepared to take the knock on effect of a recession or a boom. Obviously in a recession you will see a decline in demand for your product/service whilst in a boom you may see a increase in demand. In recessions you may have to let staff go and close on certain days to keep expenditure low and in a boom period you may need to employ more staff and stay open longer to keep up with the rising demand. 5. 0 Business and Cultural Environment Now that I have talked over market structures and forces I would like to issues what your business may look like in the future and the factors which will affect your business 5. 1 Growth To get a good picture of what things might look like if you manage your business correctly and carefully would like to discuss growth or scale expansion. Growth of your organization will involve moving from a small to a large organization, which would be financed through your internal profits, investment from shareholders or by borrowing from banks and external lenders. Generating profit is a very important way of financing growth. There is also another way which your organization could grow. This can be seen as a quicker more dynamic way of growth. You can merge or takeover another business. A merge is a situation in which two or more organizations cease to exist (Dave Needed, 2003). In other words two enterprises join together, share the market and the profits. A takeover is like a merger but is where one organization buy the majority (more than half) of the shares within a company. What you MIDST consider is what growth brings. You will need more resources such as staff and land. How will you acquire this? Will you support it through your internal profit or investment from shareholders or loud it be in your best interest to merge or takeover a rival? 5. 3 Competitive Advantage If and when your business has growth how and what is competitive advantage. According to business writer Michael Porter there are two ways be competitive. The first, a business gains competitive advantage from becoming the producer that produces at the lowest cost. This can be done wither by, producing goods in a very efficient way using the best technology or it can be done selling in large quantities. The second, a business can create differentiated products, which involves making the product better than that of vials whilst at the same time making sore that he products is bought by the customer. There is also a third concept which we can use, choosing a market to compete in. Some business products compete in a very large market. Whilst other business compete in a narrower range of products to more select group of customers. Take note that businesses that focus on low cost will have to have a large share of the market allowing them to produce more cheaply than others. Businesses which focus on creating a differentiated product, ensure that their goods and services meets he customers needs deter than their rivals. For you to develop a competitive advantage you must combine your understanding of market forces and the marketing mix. Choosing the most competitive market should help stimulate demand. . 3 Factors which affect growth Now that you have an understanding of growth and how to gain competitive advantage, you need to consider what could affect your growth. 5. 31 Technology We live in an age Of dramatic technological developments (Dave Needed, 2003). Consider gaming for instance, young people today enjoy gaming and are willing to spend a loft money on games and consoles. The more young people who take up gaming may not want to ride their push bike or trial bike anymore/as much, as they are more concerned with the game they bought. Today, also, games console can access to the internet, which allows gamers to play with their friends online instead of playing together in the same room. This gives people the chance to communicate without being together. If gaming trajectory continues on the same path there could be a decline in demand for your product. 5. 32 Cultural Environment Another element which may hinder your growth is the cultural environment in which our business exists, for yourselves its Gaston. Your organization must have a good understanding of the cultural characteristics of people in the societies in which they operate (Dave Needed, 2003). The majority of Godsons population is elderly. What will you do to ensure you do not offend them? Considering they are the majority population, they could impact your growth hugely. If offended they could begin protesting about the trial/bike track which in turn could lead to the closure of your track. Consider also, the level of young and available who can work at the BMW/Trail bike track. There is only small pocket of Gaston who are unemployed, where will you obtain your labor resources? A lack of staff will lead to lack of good service, discrediting your BMW/Trait bike track Future customers could be discouraged by this review 6. 0 Conclusion To conclude this report, I would like to state that all of the subjects have covered in this report are extremely relevant to you and your business model. The type of market structure you enter will determine the price you charge for your good/service and also who your competitors will be (if any). The market force will pull and push your organization, demand for your product ill drop and rise in conjunction with the local economy. Your growth will develop as long as you manage your business correctly, always baring your cultural surroundings in mind and also the advancements in technology. The decisions which lay ahead will be tough and hard to make, ensuring you make the correct ones is the key. Hope this report has helped answer questions and gave you a solid understanding of how the market structure and forces will influence your organization.